Information and Communication Technologies in the Application of Ethnography: A Systematic Review of the Literature

This article explores the application of the ethnographic method in contexts mediated by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). It analyzes how ICT have transformed ethnography, enhancing data collection and analysis through digital tools and facilitating access to geographically dispersed populations. The ability of ICT to capture data in varied formats such as text, audio, and video is highlighted, significantly broadening the spectrum of information accessible to researchers. However, the challenges introduced by these technologies are also discussed, including ethical issues related to privacy and confidentiality, and the potential alteration of the natural dynamics of the studied environments. The use of ICT in ethnography allows for greater immersion in study contexts without the need for constant physical presence, which can be advantageous in situations where the researcher's presence would alter the natural behavior of participants. However, this modality can also compromise the depth of contextual understanding that characterizes traditional ethnography. Additionally, the article addresses how ICT can democratize access to research, allowing the study of communities that would otherwise be inaccessible, although limitations such as inequality in access to these technologies are also noted, which can replicate and exacerbate pre-existing inequalities. The review concludes that, while ICT offer valuable tools that transform ethnographic practice, a critical and reflective approach to their implementation is essential to ensure that ethical principles are respected and the quality of ethnographic research is maintained.